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The additional improvement (increase in outputs and/or decrease in inputs) needed for a unit to become efficient.

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Mergoni, A. A. Emrouznejad, and K. De Witte (2025) Fifty years of Data Envelopment Analysis, European Journal of Operational Research, 326 (3): 389-412, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2024.12.049.

(CLICK HERE)
DEA Workshop: Efficiency and Productivity Assessment in Higher Education and Public Services: DEA, Machine Learning, and AI, April 16-17, 2026, Aston University, UK

DEA Course (CLICK HERE)
Dates:
Friday, June 12, 2026 – 10.00 to 17.30 (UK time)
Saturday, June 13, 2026 – 10.00 to 17.30 (UK time)
Presenters:
Professor Emmanuel Thanassoulis &
Professor Ali Emrouznejad

W W Cooper (Tributes)
by Ali Emrouznejad & Rajiv Banker

Follow us at the Centre for Business Analytics in Practice (CBAP) – University of Surrey

History of DEA from its developer
William W Cooper
Emrouznejad, A.(2016) Big Data Optimization: Recent Developments and Challenges, Springer

Emrouznejad, A. K. Petridis, and V. Charles (2023). Data Envelopment Analysis with GAMS: A Handbook on Productivity Analysis, and Performance Measurement, Springer, ISBN: 978-3-031-30700-3, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30701-0

Order at Amazon – Download GAMS codes

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PIM-DEA SOFTWARE

Performance Improvement Management Software – PIM-DEA software

Emrouznejad A. & E. Cabanda (2014)
Managing Service Productivity : Uses of Frontier Efficiency Methodologies and MCDM for Improving Service Performance, Springer