While in the strictest sense all factors depend on their environment, an input or output factor that purposefully attempts to make up for the inherent differences in the DMIJs being analysed is generally referred to as an environmental factor. The larger the field, the more probable that some units have intrinsic advantages over others. Environmental inputs typically take the age and the nature of its resources (je educational level of the staff) into account, while environmental outputs usually focus on the quality, rather than the quantity, of the outputs.
DownloadMergoni, A. A. Emrouznejad, and K. De Witte (2025) Fifty years of Data Envelopment Analysis, European Journal of Operational Research, 326 (3): 389-412, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2024.12.049.
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Saturday, June 13, 2026 – 10.00 to 17.30 (UK time)
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by Ali Emrouznejad & Rajiv Banker


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