An input or output that is beyond the control of the DMU manager. A fast-food restaurant may have an input such as years of operations, that it cannot control and hence the unit cannot improve its efficiency by reducing that input.
Exogeneously fixed factor
by Ali Emrouznejad & Rajiv Banker
William W Cooper
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Managing Service Productivity : Uses of Frontier Efficiency Methodologies and MCDM for Improving Service Performance, Springer
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